Chemistry Timeline Chronology of Major Events

Timeline of major events in chemistry history: Democritus (465 BC)First to propose that matter exists in the form of particles. Coined the term atoms.by convention bitter, by convention sweet, but in reality atoms and void Alchemists (~1000-1650)Among other things, the alchemists sought a universal solvent, attempted to change lead and other metals into gold, and tried to discover an elixir which would prolong life. The alchemists learned how to use metallic compounds and plant-derived materials to treat diseases. 1100sOldest written description of lodestone used as a compass. Boyle, Sir Robert (1637-1691)Formulated the fundamental gas laws. First to propose the combination of small particles to form molecules. Differentiated between compounds and mixtures. Torricelli, Evangelista (1643)Invented the mercury barometer. von Guericke, Otto (1645)Constructed the first vacuum pump. Bradley, James (1728)Uses aberration of starlight to determine the speed of light to within 5% accuracy. Priestley, Joseph (1733-1804)Discovered oxygen, carbon monoxide, and nitrous oxide. Proposed electrical inverse-square law (1767). Scheele, C.W. (1742-1786)Discovered chlorine, tartaric acid, metal oxidation, and sensitivity of silver compounds to light (photochemistry). Le Blanc, Nicholas (1742-1806)Invented process for making soda ash from sodium sulfate, limestone, and coal. Lavoisier, A.L. (1743-1794)Discovered nitrogen. Described the composition of many organic compounds. Sometimes regarded as the Father of Chemistry. Volta, A. (1745-1827)Invented the electric battery. Berthollet, C.L. (1748-1822)Corrected Lavoiser’s theory of acids. Discovered bleaching ability of chlorine. Analyzed combining weights of atoms (stoichiometry). Jenner, Edward (1749-1823)Development of smallpox vaccine (1776). Franklin, Benjamin (1752)Demonstrated that lightning is electricity. Dalton, John (1766-1844)Proposed atomic theory based on measurable masses (1807). Stated law of partial pressure of gasses. Avogadro, Amedeo (1776-1856)Proposed principle that equal volumes of gasses contain the same number of molecules. Davy, Sir Humphry (1778-1829)Laid foundation of electrochemistry. Studied electrolysis of salts in water. Isolated sodium and potassium. Gay-Lussac, J.L. (1778-1850)Discovered boron and iodine. Discovered acid-base indicators (litmus). Improved method for making sulfuric acid. Researched behavior of gasses. Berzelius J.J. (1779-1850)Classified minerals according to their chemical composition. Discovered and isolated many elements (Se, Th, Si, Ti, Zr). Coined the terms isomer and catalyst. Coulomb, Charles (1795)Introduced the inverse-square law of electrostatics. Faraday, Michael (1791-1867)Coined term electrolysis. Developed theories of electrical and mechanical energy, corrosion, batteries, and electrometallurgy. Faraday was not a proponent of atomism. Count Rumford (1798)Thought that heat was a form of energy. Wohler, F. (1800-1882)First synthesis of an organic compound (urea, 1828). Goodyear, Charles (1800-1860)Discovered vulcanization of rubber (1844). Hancock in England made a parallel discovery. Young, Thomas (1801)Demonstrated the wave nature of light and the principle of interference. Liebig, J. von (1803-1873)Investigated photosynthesis reaction and soil chemistry. First proposed the use of fertilizers. Discovered chloroform and cyanogen compounds. Oersted, Hans (1820)Observed that a current in a wire can deflect a compass needle - provided first concrete evidence of the connection between electricity and magnetism. Graham, Thomas (1822-1869)Studied diffusion of solutions through membranes. Established foundations of colloid chemistry. Pasteur, Louis (1822-1895)First recognition of bacteria as disease-causing agents. Developed field of immunochemistry. Introduced heat-sterilization of wine and milk (pasteurization). Saw optical isomers (enantiomers) in tartaric acid. Sturgeon, William (1823)Invented the electromagnet. Carnot, Sadi (1824)Analyzed heat engines. Ohm, Simon (1826)Stated law of electrical resistance. Brown, Robert (1827)Discovered Brownian motion. Lister, Joseph (1827-1912)Initiated use of antiseptics in surgery, e.g., phenols, carbolic acid, cresols. Kekulà ©, A. (1829-1896)Father of aromatic chemistry. Realized four-valent carbon and structure of benzene ring. Predicted isomeric substitutions (ortho-, meta-, para-). Nobel, Alfred (1833-1896)Invented dynamite, smokeless powder, and blasting gelatin. Established international awards for achievements in  chemistry, physics, and medicine (Nobel Prize). Mendelà ©ev, Dmitri (1834-1907)Discovered periodicity of the elements. Compiled the  first Periodic Table  with elements arranged into 7 groups (1869). Hyatt, J.W. (1837-1920)Invented the plastic Celluloid (nitrocellulose modified  using camphor)(1869). Perkin, Sir W.H. (1838-1907)Synthesized first organic dye (mauveine, 1856) and first synthetic perfume (coumarin). Beilstein, F.K. (1838-1906)Compiled  Handbuchder  organischen  Chemie, a compendium of the properties and reactions of organics. Gibbs, Josiah W. (1839-1903)Stated three principal laws of thermodynamics. Described  the nature of entropy  and established a relation between chemical, electric, and thermal energy. Chardonnet, H. (1839-1924)Produced a synthetic fiber (nitrocellulose). Joule, James (1843)Experimentally demonstrated that heat is  a form of energy. Boltzmann, L. (1844-1906)Developed  kinetic theory  of gasses. Viscosity and diffusion properties are summarized in Boltzmann’s Law. Roentgen, W.K. (1845-1923)Discovered x-radiation (1895). Nobel Prize in 1901. Lord Kelvin  (1838)Described the absolute zero point of temperature. Joule, James (1849)Published results from experiments showing that heat is a form of energy. Le Chatelier, H.L. (1850-1936)Fundamental research on equilibrium reactions (Le Chatelier’s Law),  combustion of gasses, and iron and steel metallurgy. Becquerel, H. (1851-1908)Discovered radioactivity of uranium (1896) and deflection of electrons by magnetic fields and gamma rays. Nobel Prize in 1903 (with the Curies). Moisson, H. (1852-1907)Developed electric furnace for making carbides and purifying metals. Isolated fluorine (1886). Nobel Prize in 1906. Fischer, Emil (1852-1919)Studied sugars, purines, ammonia,  uric acid, enzymes,  nitric acid. Pioneer research in sterochemistry. Nobel Prize in 1902. Thomson, Sir J.J. (1856-1940)Research on cathode rays  proved existence of electrons (1896). Nobel Prize in 1906. Plucker, J. (1859)Built  one of the first gas discharge tubes  (cathode ray tubes). Maxwell, James Clerk (1859)Described the mathematical distribution of the velocities of molecules of a gas. Arrhenius, Svante (1859-1927)Researched rates of reaction versus temperature (Arrhenius equation) and electrolytic dissociation.  Nobel Prize in 1903. Hall,  Charles Martin  (1863-1914)Invented method of manufacturing aluminum by the electrochemical reduction of alumina. Parallel discovery by Heroult in France. Baekeland, Leo H. (1863-1944)Invented  phenolformaldehyde  plastic (1907). Bakelite was the first completely synthetic resin. Nernst, Walther Hermann  (1864-1941)Nobel Prize in 1920  for work in thermochemistry. Performed basic research in electrochemistry and thermodynamics. Werner, A. (1866-1919)Introduced concept of coordination theory of valence (complex chemistry). Nobel Prize in 1913. Curie, Marie (1867-1934)With  Pierre Curie, discovered and isolated radium and polonium (1898). Studied  radioactivity of uranium. Nobel Prize in 1903 (with Becquerel) in physics; in chemistry 1911. Haber, F. (1868-1924)Synthesized  ammonia from nitrogen  and hydrogen, the  first industrial fixation of atmospheric nitrogen  (the process was further developed by Bosch). Nobel Prize 1918. Lord Kelvin (1874)Stated the  second law  of thermodynamics. Rutherford, Sir Ernest (1871-1937)Discovered that uranium radiation is composed of positively charged alpha particles and negatively charged beta particles (1989/1899). First to prove radioactive decay of heavy elements and to perform a transmutation reaction (1919). Discovered  half-life of radioactive elements. Established that the nucleus was small, dense, and positively charged. Assumed that electrons were outside the nucleus. Nobel Prize in 1908. Maxwell, James Clerk (1873)Proposed that electric and magnetic fields filled space. Stoney, G.J. (1874)Proposed that electricity consisted of discrete negative particles he named electrons. Lewis, Gilbert N. (1875-1946)Proposed electron-pair theory of acids and bases. Aston, F.W. (1877-1945)Pioneer research on isotope separation by mass spectrograph. Nobel Prize 1922. Sir William Crookes (1879)Discovered  that cathode rays  travel in straight lines, impart a negative charge, are deflected by electric and magnetic fields (indicating negative charge), cause glass to fluoresce, and cause pinwheels in their path to spin (indicating mass). Fischer, Hans (1881-1945)Research on porphyrins, chlorophyll, carotene. Synthesized hemin. Nobel Prize in 1930. Langmuir, Irving (1881-1957)Research in the fields of surface chemistry, monomolecular films, emulsion chemistry,  electric discharges  in gasses, cloud seeding. Nobel Prize in 1932. Staudinger, Hermann (1881-1965)Studied high-polymer structure, catalytic synthesis, polymerization mechanisms. Nobel Prize in 1963. Flemming, Sir Alexander (1881-1955)Discovered the antibiotic penicillin (1928). Nobel Prize in 1945. Goldstein, E. (1886)Used cathode ray tube to study canal rays, which possessed electrical and magnetic properties opposite those an electron. Hertz, Heinrich (1887)Discovered the  photoelectric effect. Moseley, Henry G.J. (1887-1915)Discovered the relation between the frequency of the x-rays emitted by an element and its  atomic number  (1914). His work led to the  reorganization of the periodic table  based on an atomic number rather  than atomic mass. Hertz, Heinrich (1888)Discovered  radio waves. Adams, Roger (1889-1971)Industrial research on catalysis and methods of structural analysis. Midgley, Thomas (1889-1944)Discovered tetraethyl lead and it used as an antiknock treatment for gasoline (1921). Discovered fluorocarbon refrigerants. Performed early research on synthetic rubber. Ipatieff, Vladimir N. (1890?-1952)Research and development of catalytic alkylation and isomerisation of hydrocarbons (together with Herman Pines). Banting, Sir Frederick (1891-1941)Isolated the insulin molecule. Nobel Prize in 1923. Chadwick, Sir James (1891-1974)Discovered the neutron (1932). Nobel Prize in 1935. Urey, Harold C. (1894-1981)One of the leaders of the Manhattan Project. Discovered deuterium. Nobel Prize 1934. Roentgen, Wilhelm (1895)Discovered that certain chemicals near a cathode  ray tube  glowed. Found highly penetrating rays that were not deflected by a magnetic field, which he named x-rays. Becquerel, Henri (1896)While studying effects of x-rays on photographic film, he discovered that some chemicals spontaneously decompose and emit very penetrating rays. Carothers, Wallace (1896-1937)Synthesized neoprene (polychloroprene) and nylon (polyamide). Thomson,  Joseph J. (1897)Discovered the electron. Used a cathode ray tube to experimentally determine the charge to mass ratio of an electron. Found that canal rays were associated with the proton H. Plank, Max (1900)Stated radiation law and Plancks constant. Soddy (1900)Observed spontaneous disintegration of radioactive elements into isotopes or  new elements, described half-life, made calculations of the energy of decay. Kistiakowsky, George B. (1900-1982)Devised the detonating device used  in the first atomic bomb. Heisenberg, Werner K. (1901-1976)Developed the orbital theory of chemical bonding. Described atoms  using a formula  related to the frequencies of spectral lines. Stated the Uncertainty Principle (1927). Nobel Prize in 1932. Fermi, Enrico (1901-1954)First to achieve a controlled nuclear fission reaction (1939/1942). Performed fundamental research on subatomic particles. Nobel Prize in 1938. Nagaoka (1903)Postulated a Saturnian atom model with flat rings of electrons revolving about a positively charged particle. Abegg (1904)Discovered that inert gasses have a stable electron configuration which results in their chemical inactivity. Geiger, Hans (1906)Developed an electrical device which made an audible click when hit with alpha particles. Lawrence, Ernest O. (1901-1958)Invented the cyclotron, which was used to create the first synthetic elements. Nobel Prize in 1939. Libby,  Wilard  F. (1908-1980)Developed carbon-14 dating technique. Nobel Prize in 1960. Ernest Rutherford  and Thomas Royds (1909)Demonstrated  that alpha particles  are doubly ionized  helium atoms. Bohr, Niels (1913)Devised quantum model  of the atom  in which atoms had orbital shells of electrons. Milliken, Robert (1913)Experimentally determined the charge and mass of an electron using an oil drop. Crick, F.H.C (1916- ) with Watson, James D.Described the structure of the DNA molecule (1953). Woodward, Robert W. (1917-1979)Synthesized  many compounds, including cholesterol, quinine, chlorophyll, and cobalamin. Nobel Prize in 1965. Aston (1919)Use a mass spectrograph to demonstrate the existence of isotopes. de Broglie (1923)Described the particle/wave duality of electrons. Heisenberg, Werner (1927)Stated the quantum uncertainty principle. Described atoms using a formula based on the frequencies of spectral lines. Cockcroft / Walton (1929)Constructed a linear accelerator and bombarded lithium with protons to produce alpha particles. Schodinger (1930)Described electrons as continuous clouds. Introduced wave mechanics to mathematically describe the atom. Dirac, Paul (1930)Proposed anti-particles and discovered the anti-electron (positron) in 1932. (Segre/Chamberlain detected the anti-proton in 1955). Chadwick, James (1932)Discovered the neutron. Anderson, Carl (1932)Discovered the positron. Pauli, Wolfgang (1933)Proposed the  existence of neutrinos  as a means of accounting for what appeared to be a violation of the law of conservation of energy in some nuclear reactions. Fermi, Enrico (1934)Formulated his  theory of beta decay. Lise Meitner, Hahn, Strassman (1938)Verified  that heavy elements capture neutrons to form  fisionable  unstable products in a process which ejects more neutrons, thus continuing the chain reaction.  that heavy elements capture neutrons to form  fisionable  unstable products in a process which ejects more neutrons, thus continuing the chain reaction. Seaborg, Glenn (1941-1951)Synthesized  several transuranium elements  and suggested a revision to the  layout of the periodic table.

Utilitarianism Vs. Kant s Deontology - 2126 Words

Consequence and Principles: Utilitarianism vs. Kant s Deontology Both utilitarianism and deontology are normative ethical theories. Normative ethics is a branch of philosophical ethics that investigates the set of questions that arise when considering how one should morally act. (Meriam Webster Dictionary, 1) Utilitarianism and deontology have often been discussed throughout the history of ethics, and both have had many adaptations of the concepts. Utilitarianism is defined as a doctrine that the useful is the good and that the determining consideration of right conduct should be the usefulness of its consequences. (Merriam Webster Dictionary, 2) Deontology is defined as the study of one’s moral obligation. (Merriam Webster Dictionary, 3) Utilitarianism is thought to be one of the most powerful and persuasive consequentialist approaches to normative ethics. (Plamenatz, 1) Consequentialism is defined as the theory that the value and especially the moral value of an act should be judged by the value of its consequences. (Merriam Webster Dictionary, 4) Utilitarianism was created by Jeremy Bentham in a book published, in the year 1789, titled An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. The book defined the principle of utility, which led to the formation of the utilitarian theory. Jeremy Bentham was born in London, England in 1748. He was an English philosopher, economist, and theoretical jurist from 1763 to 1832. (Plamenatz, 2) Bentham’s utilitarian theoryShow MoreRelatedKant And Mill On Animal Ethics Essay1365 Words   |  6 PagesIn this essay I will begin by explaining the overall views of Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill, then compare and contrast the ideas and philosophies of Kant and Mill on Animal Ethics. I believe that Kant, the deontologist, will not care as much about the duty/responsibility between humans and animals as Mill, the utilitarian, who will see the extreme importance of animal ethics. After studying and explaining the views and teachings of these two philosophers I will see if my thesis was correct,Read MoreThe Ethics Of The Death Of A Fetus1505 Words   |  7 Pagessame way, utilitarianism equates wrongness or blameworthiness of an action with its resultant pain or unhappiness. The central principle of utilitarianism expresses the belief that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. Since utilitarianism differentiates ethical and unethical actions on the basis of the outcomes of those actions, it falls into the consequentialist class. With this belief, utilitarianism challengedRead MoreDr. Ethos, The Chief Resident Of A Hospital1591 Words   |  7 PagesHowever, the cranky old man would have to die, or rather be killed, in order to successfully treat all the patients. The question is, what would Dr. Ethos do, if he were Utilitarian (Act vs. Rule)? What would Dr. Ethos do, if he were a Deontologist (Kantian)? Utilitarianism John S. Mill describes Utilitarianism, also known as â€Å"The greatest happiness principle†, as a philosophical theory of morality. This theory focuses on the end result, rather than the motive behind it, which makes it a consequentialRead MoreA Review of Ethics Concepts Theories2669 Words   |  11 PagesTheories Educational Objectives: 1. Explain the type of problem that is addressed by philosophers. 2. Explain how ethical norms help address ethical issues that arise in accountancy. 3. Contrast the views of Mills, Machiavelli and Kant. 4. Describe what is meant by a social contract. 5. Analyze a given situation and tell why it would be appropriate or inappropriate to lie. 6. Explain the views of Kierkegaard and contrast him from other existentialists. 7.Read MoreThe Ethics Of Corporate Social Responsibility2955 Words   |  12 PagesNIKE brand s crisis. Body â€Å"Business ethics are implemented in order to ensure that a certain required level of trust exists between consumers and various forms of market participants with businesses.† In the profit-making organizations to pursue their own interests, must comply with the principles of justice. From Kant s deontology point of view, this is should be the whole duty the enterprise. From the point of view of Utilitarianism of Consequentialism, in order to promote the public s interestsRead MoreTorts study notes Essay17110 Words   |  69 Pagestwo articles were almost entirely lacking in formal philosophical references.12 By contrast, more recent corrective justice scholars have delved deeply into Aristotle and likewise have offered extensive interpretations of moral philosophers such as Kant and Hegel.13 Furthermore, many of these scholars claim that a corrective justice approach does an excellent job in explaining the key features of the tort system.14    But of course the corrective justice literature has not been the only modern scholarly

Human Activity and Its Impact on Climate Change-Free-Samples

Question: Discuss about the Human Activity and its impact on Climate Change. Answer: Introduction: The expected weather of a particular place or that of the planet as a whole, refers to climate change. At the time when there are changes in the normal expected weather, these are referred to as climate changes. There may be several reasons for the climate change over different scales of time and over several other geographical regions. In the present times, global warming and humans impact on the climatic system by the enhancement of the greenhouse effect have put light on the fact that human beings are responsible for climate changes. In the last hundred years, the surface of the earth and lowest part of the atmosphere has gotten warm by half of a centigrade (Urry 2015). The increase of atmospheric green house gases, the increased amount of pollution has raised the concern that human activities and climate changes are interrelated. There are other reasons for the change in climate including changes in the amount of energy from the Sun, shifting patterns of ocean circulation among others. Despite this, evidence shows that there is a discernable influence of human activity on the global weather (Bellard, C., et al. 2012). Engaging stakeholders for Climate policy: At the time when clean energy policies are implemented by multiple state agencies they are much more likely to achieve the set goals for the environment, by being more likely to achieve goals. At the time when clean energy is used for the reduction of the greenhouse gases emissions, the states have found it helpful to reach out to the government entities in the states which are typically implicated in the decision of promotion of clean energy. The states are also involved in the deployment and those in the climate, energy and environmental policies (Seinfeld, J.H. and Pandis, S.N., 2016). The most important stakeholders in this connection, can be considered as, the governor and the staff, the state legislatures, the state agencies and the universities (Field, C.B. and Barros, V.R., 2014). The state agencies and state departments of environmental protection, public utility commissions and state energy offices have an important role in advancing the utility of energy efficiency as well as renewable energy for the reduction of green house gas emissions (ONeill et al. 2014). The departments of environmental pollution are responsible for the protection of public health and environment from air pollution effects. The public utility commissions are quasi-judicial bodies which regulate the monopoly of electricity and natural gas utilities. These ensure that the reliable electricity and gas service is provided, the rates which are paid by the customers are reasonable and the utilities can earn a fair return on their investment. The state energy offices are responsible for energy-related economic development and minimization of the environmental impact of the department (McMichael, A.J., 2013). Identifying other Key stakeholders: The stakeholders which can be noteworthy partners in the protection of the environment are utilities, independent system operators, regional transmission organisations which are key pieces of many clean energy policies. Apart from this, the independent power producers, environmental and consumer organisations are vital stakeholders. The independent transmission owners and energy suppliers are also responsible for maintaining information and analysis of electricity markets. The public also offer new ideas, input and feedback to the state (Urry, J., 2015). Opinions of Key stakeholders about climate change: There is more or less a scientific consensus on the topic that the earths climate is warming. More or less 97% of the climate scientists agree that climate warming trends over the past century are extremely likely because of human activities. Majority of the scientific organisations all around the world have issued public statements which endorse this particular statement. According to the American Association for the advancement of science, the global climatic change is caused due to human activities and is a growing threat to the society (McMichael, A.J., 2013). The American Chemical Society has stated that the concept of climate change is real, largely attributable to emissions due to human activities and that it is a very serious problem. The American Geophysical Union stated that the human induced climate change needs urgent action. The Union opines that humanity is the major influence on the global climate change which has been noticed in the past fifty years (Urry, J., 2015). According to the American Meteorological Society, extensive scientific evidence has shown that the dominant reason for the huge climatic change is human-influenced increase in the sum of atmospheric greenhouse gases. The Geological Society of America and the American Physical Society also have a similar opinion (McMichael, A.J., 2013). Natural factors affecting climate change: The changes in the climate occur due to a variety of factors which are primarily due to the flow of energy through the climate system. These originate from several driving factors involving the atmospheric CO2, other green house gases, increased in the short lived gases, the changes to the land cover, increase of the aerosols, solar fluctuations which are actually the changes in the brightness of the sun and volcanic eruptions. Of all these factors which contribute to the climate change, the solar fluctuations and the volcanic eruptions are completely natural while the other influences are human. It can be said that the changes in the sun contribute to the global warming but the impact is relatively less, in comparison to all other influences in the atmosphere. The indirect estimates suggest that the changes in the brightness of the sun contribute to only a small percentage of the global warming (Urry, J., 2015). According to the direct measurements there is a decreasing social intensity over the recent decades, which is contrary to what is required in the explanation of the observed warming. The impact of the solar influences is relatively less in comparison to the anthropogenic influences (Goudie, A.S., 2013). Therefore it is wrong to think that only humans are responsible for the climate changes. The natural influences however less are existent in the climatic changes and global warming. However, the human activities have a much more impact on the climate change in comparison to the natural effects. Personal opinions on the issue of climate change: According to me, the behavioural patterns and actions of the human beings are somewhere responsible for the climate change and global warming as a whole. Every individual is a vital constituent of the environment and whatever he or she does has an impact on the environment. In order to protect the environment every person has to keep a check on the activities which he or she performs. No individual should consciously take part in any activity that might actually harm the environment in the long run. My reason for having such a point of view was because the impact of the human activities was felt in the environment. The levels of increasing pollution and habits of the people contribute to the global warming of the atmosphere. A certain amount of responsibility is required on part of the individuals to restore the present condition of the environment. On the other hand, I feel that the solar changes and impact of the volcanic eruptions also affect the climate. Though the natural impacts on the climate are less, nevertheless their effect cannot be neglected. It is wrong to only consider human activities as the reason for climatic change. Rather than focussing on the reasons behind the impact, the focus should be on how the impact can be reduced. Feedback Analysis: The feedback report which has been provided by the student states the features of his presentation, the way in which he answered the questions asked by the teacher and also the improvements which he can make in the overall report. According to the teacher the Power point presentation was good, clear and the method of communication with the audience was accurate and proper. It was also stated that the issue chosen was truly a matter of concern and raised a proper amount of awareness amongst the people. This was important because identifying the root causes of the problem, that is, climate change is crucial. The provided suggestions have been very useful in making the report. The suggestion of including my own point of view was taken and also incorporated. The feedback has been given proper importance and key stakeholders related to the issue have been identified. The opinions of all the stakeholders have been identified in addition to all the stakeholders. Sufficient and proper referencing has also been included in the UTS Harvard Referencing style. In addition to this, the positive as well as negative responses with respect to the statement, Are human activities primarily responsible for climate change are mentioned. The opinions of different stakeholders are mentioned, who are rather unified in favour of the topic. Conclusion: Human induced climate change is responsible for contributing to the changing patterns of severe weather all around the world, from longer and hotter heat wave to the heaver rains. Each of the weather events are related to the changes in climate. Normal variability also plays a significant role in the extreme weather and climatic changes also have change the natural limits. It has made certain extreme weather types more frequent and more intense. The extreme weather conditions might affect even more than it is anticipated. Extreme weather is on the rise and the influences of its continued increase are visible in both predictable and unpredictable ways. Humans need to be more conscious about their daily routine so as to not harm the environment more than it already is. Unless the individuals become responsible for their actions, they will not be able to survive in the toxicity of the surroundings. References: Bellard, C., Bertelsmeier, C., Leadley, P., Thuiller, W. and Courchamp, F., 2012. Impacts of climate change on the future of biodiversity.Ecology letters,15(4), pp.365-377. Change, C., 2016. Climate change. Field, C.B. and Barros, V.R. eds., 2014.Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability(Vol. 1). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. Goudie, A.S., 2013.The human impact on the natural environment: past, present, and future. John Wiley Sons. Kurukulasuriya, P. and Rosenthal, S., 2013. Climate change and agriculture: A review of impacts and adaptations. McMichael, A.J., 2013. Globalization, climate change, and human health.New England Journal of Medicine,368(14), pp.1335-1343. ONeill, B.C., Kriegler, E., Riahi, K., Ebi, K.L., Hallegatte, S., Carter, T.R., Mathur, R. and van Vuuren, D.P., 2014. A new scenario framework for climate change research: the concept of shared socioeconomic pathways.Climatic Change,122(3), pp.387-400. Portier, C.J., Tart, K.T., Carter, S.R., Dilworth, C.H., Grambsch, A.E., Gohlke, J., Hess, J., Howard, S.N., Luber, G., Lutz, J.T. and Maslak, T., 2013. A human health perspective on climate change: a report outlining the research needs on the human health effects of climate change.Journal of Current Issues in Globalization,6(4), p.621. Seinfeld, J.H. and Pandis, S.N., 2016.Atmospheric chemistry and physics: from air pollution to climate change. John Wiley Sons. Urry, J., 2015. Climate change and society. InWhy the social sciences matter(pp. 45-59). Palgrave Macmillan, London.